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Recognizing the purpose in writing

1、【填空题】The following verbs are often used to indicate the purpose of a piece of writing. In terms of purpose, academic writing can be categorized into two distinct types: persuasive and informative writing. Decide whether each verb suggests a persuasive or informative purpose. The verb describe suggests a ________ purpose.

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2、【填空题】The verb analyze suggests a ________ purpose.

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3、【填空题】The verb compare suggests a ________ purpose.

A、

4、【填空题】The verb evaluate suggests a ________ purpose.

A、

5、【填空题】The verb argue suggests a ________ purpose.

A、

6、【填空题】The verb inform suggests a ________ purpose.

A、

7、【填空题】The verb discuss suggests a ________ purpose.

A、

8、【填空题】The verb explain suggests a ________ purpose.

A、

Identifying literature gaps

1、【填空题】Mobile phone sensing is a relatively new topic that requires further academic research. Below are extracts from several academic articles discussing mobile phone sensing. Read the extracts and write down the number of the sentence or sentences that indicate the literature gaps identified by the authors that require further research. (答案写句子编号，若有多个选择，编号间空格)TEXT 1.An important aspect of MCS [mobile crowdsensing] applications is that they potentially collect sensitive sensor data pertaining to individuals. 2.For example, GPS sensor readings can be utilized to infer private information about the individual, such as the routes they take during their daily commutes, home, and work locations[9]. 3.On the other hand, these GPS sensor measurements (from daily commutes) shared within a larger community can be used to obtain traffic congestion levels in a given city[4]. 4.Thus, it is important to preserve the security and privacy of an individual, but at the same time enable MCS applications. 5.It is also necessary to ensure that an individual’s sensor data is not revealed to untrustworthy third parties. 6.A problem that arises from the opt-in nature of crowdsensing applications is when malicious individuals contribute erroneous sensor data (e.g. falsified GPS readings), maintaining the integrity of sensor data collected is an important problem.Source: Ganti, R. K., Ye, F. Lei, H. (2011). Mobile crowdsensing: Current state and future challenges. IEEE Communications Magazine, 49 (11): 32-39.

A、

Understanding the main idea

1、【填空题】The main idea is often presented at the beginning of a lecture or presentation and restated at the end. Watch Video 1 and identify the main idea and key points of the lecture. Main idea: Americans lack 1. _______ in the 2. _______ Reason 1: lack of 3. _______ and a decline in 4. _______ standardsReason 2: severe 5. _______ pressure Reason 3: an increase in 6. ______________

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2、【填空题】_______

A、

3、【填空题】_______

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4、【填空题】_______

A、

5、【填空题】_______

A、

6、【填空题】_______

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Achieving focus in academic writing

1、【填空题】In academic contexts, the new and more important information is usually put at the end of a sentence. Compare the two sentences in each group and analyze which one is better at presenting the new information. (答案填写大写字母)A. Communication consists of transmitting information from one person to another usually via language. B. Transmitting information from one person to another usually via language comprises communication.

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2、【填空题】A. Awareness of health inequalities and their causes by doctors can help to target those in need of such services, improve access and ensure equity in delivery of health services.B. Targeting those in need of such services, improving access and ensuring equity in delivery of health services can benefit from awareness of health inequalities and their causes by doctors.

A、

3、【填空题】A. The ‘knowledge economy’ reflects the dominance of dynamic ‘knowledge’ sectors such as finance, computers and software, telecommunications, biotechnology and the communications industries.B. The dominance of dynamic ‘knowledge’ sectors such as finance, computers and software, telecommunications, biotechnology and the communications industries are reflected in the ‘knowledge economy’.

A、

Self-assessment

1、【单选题】Which of the following verbs suggests a persuasive purpose?

A、Compare.

B、Evaluate.

C、Discuss.

D、All of the above.

2、【单选题】Which of the following serves as a good thesis statement?

A、The effect of the Internet on society.

B、The American automobile industry has many problems.

C、More people are attending community colleges.

D、Recycling programs, though expensive at first, are ultimately an efficient, cost effective, and environmentally sound means of reducing waste in our environment.

3、【单选题】 The rise of multinational corporations (跨国公司), global marketing, new communications technologies, and shrinking cultural differences have led to an unparalleled increase in global public relations or PR. Surprisingly, since modern PR was largely an American invention, the U.S. leadership in public relations is being threatened by PR efforts in other countries. Ten years ago, for example, the world’s top five public relations agencies were American-owned. In 1991, only one was. The British in particular are becoming more sophisticated and creative. A recent survey found that more than half of all British companies include PR as part of their corporate (公司的) planning activities, compared to about one-third of U.S. companies. It may not be long before London replaces New York as the capital of PR. Why is America lagging behind in the global PR race? First, Americans as a whole tend to be fairly provincial and take more of an interest in local affairs. Knowledge of world geography, for example, has never been strong in this country. Secondly, Americans lag behind their European and Asian counterparts (相对应的人) in knowing a second language. Less than 5 percent of Burson—Marshall’s U.S. employees know two languages. Ogilvy and Mather has about the same percentage. Conversely, some European firms have half or more of their employees fluent in a second language. Finally, people involved in PR abroad tend to keep a closer eye on international affairs. In the financial PR area, for instance, most Americans read the Wall Street Journal. Overseas, their counterparts read the Journal as well as the Financial Times of London and The Economist, publications not often read in this country. Perhaps the PR industry might take a lesson from Ted Turner of CNN (Cable News Network). Turner recently announced that the word “foreign” would no longer be used on CNN news broadcasts. According to Turner, global communications have made the nations of the world so interdependent that there is no longer any such things as foreign.According to the passage, U.S. leadership in public relations is being threatened because of ________.

A、an unparalleled increase in the number of public relations companies

B、shrinking cultural differences and new communications technologies

C、 the decreasing number of multinational corporations in the U.S.

D、increased efforts of other countries in public relations

4、【单选题】London could soon replace New York as the center of PR because ________.

A、British companies are more ambitious than U.S. companies

B、British companies place more importance on PR than U.S. companies

C、British companies are heavily involved in planning activities

D、four of the world’s top public relations agencies are British-owned

5、【单选题】The word “provincial” (Line 1, Para. 3) most probably means “________”.

A、limited in outlook

B、like people from the provinces

C、rigid in thinking

D、 interested in world financial affairs

6、【单选题】We learn from the third paragraph that employees in the American PR industry ________.

A、speak at least one foreign language fluently

B、are ignorant about world geography

C、are not as sophisticated as their European counterparts

D、enjoy reading a great variety of English business publications

7、【单选题】What lesson might the PR industry take from Ted Turner of CNN?

A、American PR companies should be more internationally-minded.

B、The American PR industry should develop global communications technologies.

C、People working in PR should be more fluent in foreign languages.

D、People involved in PR should avoid using the word “foreign”.

8、【单选题】New technology links the world as never before. Our planet has shrunk. It’s now a “global village” where countries are only seconds away by fax or phone or satellite link. And, of course, our ability to benefit from this high-tech communications equipment is greatly enhanced by foreign language skills.Deeply involved with this new technology is a breed of modern businesspeople who have a growing respect for the economic value of doing business abroad. In modern markets, success overseas often helps support domestic business efforts.Overseas assignments are becoming increasingly important to advancement within executive ranks. The executive stationed in another country no longer need fear being “out of sight and out of mind.” He or she can be sure that the overseas effort is central to the company’s plan for success, and that promotions often follow or accompany an assignment abroad. If an employee can succeed in a difficult assignment overseas, superiors will have greater confidence in his or her ability to cope back in the United States where cross-cultural considerations and foreign language issues are becoming more and more prevalent (普遍的).Thanks to a variety of relatively inexpensive communications devices with business applications, even small businesses in the United States are able to get into international markets.English is still the international language of business. But there is an ever-growing need for people who can speak another language. A second language isn’t generally required to get a job in business, but having language skills gives a candidate the edge when other qualifications appear to be equal.The employee posted abroad who speaks the country’s principal language has an opportunity to fast-forward certain negotiations, and can have the cultural insight to know when it is better to move more slowly. The employee at the home office who can communicate well with foreign clients over the telephone or by fax machine is an obvious asset to the firm.What is the author’s attitude toward high-tech communications equipment?

A、Critical.

B、Prejudiced.

C、Indifferent.

D、Positive.

9、【单选题】With the increased use of high-tech communications equipment, businesspeople ________.

A、have to get familiar with modern technology

B、are gaining more economic benefits from domestic operations

C、 are attaching more importance to their overseas business

D、are eager to work overseas

10、【单选题】In this passage, “out of sight and out of mind” (Lines 2-3, Para. 3) probably means ________.

A、being unable to think properly for lack of insight

B、being totally out of touch with business at home

C、missing opportunities for promotion when abroad

D、leaving all care and worry behind

11、【单选题】According to the passage, what is an important consideration of international corporations in employing people today?

A、Connections with businesses overseas.

B、Ability to speak the client’s language.

C、Technical know-how.

D、Business experience.

12、【单选题】The advantage of employees having foreign language skills is that they can ________.

A、better control the whole negotiation process

B、easily find new approaches to meet market needs

C、fast-forward their proposals to headquarters

D、easily make friends with businesspeople abroad

13、【判断题】Most pieces of writing have a thesis, even if it isn't explicitly stated.

A、正确

B、错误

14、【判断题】 A scientific hypothesis is stated at the beginning of a scientific paper and should be answered by the conclusion.

A、正确

B、错误

15、【填空题】In English sentences the new information is usually introduced at the _______ (beginning/end) of sentences.

A、

Detecting mechanisms showing causal relations

1、【填空题】A complete causal relation consists of three parts: cause, signal word and effect. Analyze the following cause and effect statement and answer the question.1. Which part in the following statement is the signal word? A) El Niño events can B) cause far-reaching C) global disruption in the general circulation of the Pacific Ocean and atmosphere.

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2、【填空题】2. Which part in the following statement is the effect? A) Lack of natural resources is B) one of the results of large C) ecological footprints.

A、

3、【填空题】3. Which part in the following statement is the signal word?The A) torrential flood has B) devastated many C) villages.

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4、【填空题】4. Which part in the following statement is the cause?A) Ray Tomlinson, widely credited as the B) creator of C) email, has died, his employer, Raytheon, told CNN on Sunday.

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5、【填空题】5. Which part in the following statement is the signal word? Still, A) Apple’s profits B) obscured the C) fact that its share of the market was falling, despite the technological superiority of its products.

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Reading for explicit causal relations

1、【单选题】The strength of causal connections between two phenomena differs with the modals (e.g. may) or adverbs (possibly) they co-occur. Here are some sentences from the passage. Compare the following words in bold italicized type and decide which one has the greatest causal strength (in other words, the most likely to happen)? 1. When these activities cause problems, they A) can result in significant financial loss and B) possibly even have macro-economic effects in fragile situations.2. Software engineering is a difficult task and errors C) may occur due to any number of causes.3. Computer software and hardware is responsible for making decisions which D) affect people’s lives.

A、A

B、B

C、C

D、D

Listening for WHAT

1、【填空题】Here is a talk about the new technology IoT (the Internet of Things). The speaker Benson Hougland starts his talk by explaining What is the Internet of Things. Watch Video 1. Fill in the rough notes on the Internet of Things below. ①. _______________

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2、【填空题】②. _______________

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4、【填空题】④.__________________

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Listening for supporting details

1、【填空题】Watch Video 3 to find out details of the project ‘Green Horizon’. Fill in the following blanks.1) .___________________

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2、【填空题】Watch Video 3 to find out details of the project ‘Green Horizon’. Fill in the following blanks.2) .___________________

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3、【填空题】Watch Video 3 to find out details of the project ‘Green Horizon’. Fill in the following blanks.3) .___________________

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4、【填空题】Watch Video 3 to find out details of the project ‘Green Horizon’. Fill in the following blanks.4) .___________________

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5、【填空题】Watch Video 3 to find out details of the project ‘Green Horizon’. Fill in the following blanks.5) .___________________

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6、【填空题】Watch Video 3 to find out details of the project ‘Green Horizon’. Fill in the following blanks.6) .___________________1. ____________

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2、【填空题】2. ______________

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3、【填空题】3.___________

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4、【填空题】4. ________________

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5、【填空题】5._____________

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6、【填空题】6._____________

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7、【填空题】7.___________

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8、【填空题】8.____________

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complete the collocations

1、【填空题】 Match the parts of collocations in Column Awith their endings in Column B by filling the blanks with words or phrases from Column B. Column AColumn B1gatherdetail2playdata3challenge/proposeevidence4go intoa study/research5providea conclusion6drawa theory7carry outargument8perfect/cleara central role9powerful/mighty the sources10acknowledgeillustration1. gather _________

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2、【填空题】2. play ______________

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3、【填空题】3. challenge/propose ______________

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4、【填空题】4. go into______________

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5、【填空题】5. provide______________

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6、【填空题】6. draw ______________

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7、【填空题】7. carry out______________

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8、【填空题】8. perfect/clear_____________

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9、【填空题】9. powerful/mighty ______________

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10、【填空题】10. acknowledge ____________

A、

Choose the appropriate collocation

1、【多选题】 Judge the list pairs of collocations, choose the more appropriate collocations.

A、completely sophisticated

B、highly sophisticated

C、utterly interesting

D、utterly fascinating

2、【多选题】Judge the list pairs of collocations, choose the more appropriate collocations.

A、powerful computer

B、strong computer

C、interested of

D、interested in

3、【多选题】Judge the list pairs of collocations, choose the more appropriate collocations.

A、aware in

B、aware of

C、a rush of anger

D、a surge of anger

4、【多选题】Judge the list pairs of collocations, choose the more appropriate collocations.

A、burst into tears

B、touch on an issue

C、fall into categories

D、touch in an issue

Self-assessment 4

1、【单选题】Reaching new peaks of popularity in North America is Iceberg Water, which is harvested from icebergs off the coast of Newfoundland, Canada. Arthur Von Wiesenberger, who carries the title Water Master, is one of the few water critics in North America. As a boy, he spent time in the larger cities of Italy, France and Switzerland, where bottled water is consumed daily. Even then, he kept a water journal, noting the brands he liked best. “My dog could tell the difference between bottled and tap water,” He says. But is plain tap water all that bad? Not at all. In fact, New York’s municipal water for more than a century was called the champagne of tap water and until recently considered among the best in the world in terms of both taste and purity. Similarly, a magazine in England found that tap water from the Thames River tasted better than several leading brands of bottled water that were 400 times more expensive. Nevertheless, soft-drink companies view bottled water as the next battle-ground for market share—despite the fact that over 25 percent of bottled water comes from tap water: PepsiCo’s Aquafina and Coca-Cola’s Dasani are both purified tap water rather than spring water. As diners thirst for leading brands, bottlers and restaurateurs salivate (垂涎) over the profits. A restaurant’s typical mark-up on wine is 100 to 150 percent, whereas on bottled water it’s often 300 to 500 percent. But since water is much cheaper than wine, and many of the fancier brands aren’t available in stores, most diners don’t notice or care. As a result, some restaurants are turning up the pressure to sell bottled water. According to an article in The Street Journal, some of the more shameless tactics include placing attractive bottles on the table for a visual sell, listing brands on the menu without prices, and pouring bottled water without even asking the diners if they want it. Regardless of how it’s sold, the popularity of bottled water taps into our desire for better health, our wish to appear cultivated, and even a longing for lost purity. What do we know about Iceberg Water from the passage?

A、It is a kind of iced water.

B、It is just plain tap water.

C、It is a kind of bottled water.

D、It is a kind of mineral water

2、【单选题】By saying “My dog could tell the difference between bottled and tap water” (Line 3 Para. 2), Von Wiesenberger wants to convey the message that ________.

A、plain tap water is certainly unfit for drinking

B、bottled water is clearly superior to tap water

C、bottled water often appeals more to dogs taste

D、dogs can usually detect a fine difference in taste

3、【单选题】The “fancier brands” (Line 3 Para. 5) refers to ________.

A、tap water from the Thames River

B、famous wines not sold in ordinary stores

C、PepsiCo’s Aquafina and Coca-Cola’s Dasani

D、expensive bottled water with impressive names

4、【单选题】Why are some restaurants turning up the pressure to sell bottled water?

A、Bottled water brings in huge profits.

B、Competition from the wine industry is intense.

C、Most diners find bottled water affordable.

D、Bottled water satisfied diners’ desire to fashionable.

5、【单选题】According to passage, why is bottled water so popular?

A、It is much cheaper than wine.

B、It is considered healthier.

C、It appeals to more cultivated people.

D、It is more widely promoted in the market.

6、【单选题】Priscilla Ouchida’s “energy-efficient” house turned out to be a horrible dream. When she and her engineer husband married a few years ago, they built a $100,000, three-bedroom home in California. Tightly sealed to prevent air leaks, the house was equipped with small double-paned (双层玻璃的) windows and several other energy-saving features. Problems began as soon as the couple moved in, however. Priscilla’s eyes burned. Her throat was constantly dry. She suffered from headaches and could hardly sleep. It was as though she had suddenly developed a strange illness. Experts finally traced the cause of her illness. The level of formaldehyde (甲醛) gas in her kitchen was twice the maximum allowed by federal standards for chemical workers. The source of the gas? Her new kitchen cabinets and wall-to-wall carpeting. The Ouchidas are victims of indoor air pollution, which is not given sufficient attention partly because of the nation’s drive to save energy. The problem itself isn’t new. “The indoor environment was dirty long before energy conservation came along,” says Moschandreas, a pollution scientist at Geomet Technologies in Maryland. “Energy conservation has tended to accentuate the situation in some cases.” The problem appears to be more troublesome in newly constructed homes rather than old ones. Back in the days when energy was cheap, home builders didn’t worry much about unsealed cracks. Because of such leaks, the air in an average home was replaced by fresh outdoor air about once an hour. As a result, the pollutants generated in most households seldom build up to dangerous levels. It can be learned from the passage that the Ouchidas house ________.

A、is well worth the money spent on its construction

B、is almost faultless from the point of energy conservation

C、failed to meet energy conservation standards

D、was designed and constructed in a scientific way

7、【单选题】What made the Ouchidas’ new house a horrible dream?

A、Lack of fresh air.

B、Poor quality of building materials.

C、Gas leakage in the kitchen.

D、The newly painted walls.

8、【单选题】The word “accentuate” (Line 4, Para. 3) most probably means “________”.

A、relieve

B、accelerate

C、worsen

D、improve

9、【单选题】Why were cracks in old houses not a big concern?

A、Because indoor cleanliness was not emphasized.

B、Because energy used to be inexpensive.

C、Because environmental protection was given top priority.

D、Because they were technically unavoidable

10、【单选题】This passage is most probably taken from an article entitled “________”.

A、Energy Conservation

B、Houses Building Crisis

C、Air Pollution Indoors

D、Traps in Building Construction

11、【多选题】What are the basic components of an argument?

A、Reasons

B、Evidence

C、Claim

D、Counterclaim

12、【多选题】That ______ is true about exemplification.

A、it is also called illustration

B、it is a method the writer uses examples to support a point

C、it only includes facts and statistics

D、it provides solid support and strong evidence to prove the writer's statement

13、【多选题】What are the criteria to evaluate evidence?

A、Sufficiency

B、Credibility

C、Accuracy

D、Relevance

14、【判断题】It is always necessary for the author to decide which stance to take in a discussion essay.

A、正确

B、错误

15、【填空题】Fill in the blank with one of the words given below. Change the form where necessary.marginaldiversify projectdispatchtransformationinfrastructureadvocateretrievedeployfluctuate Millions of years ago, changes in the Earth's climate caused animal and plant life to__________.

A、